Chapter 3 : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Facts Given in Article

1. Research Design

• research design functions as the research blueprint.

2. Research Methodology

• A research methodology references the procedural rules for the evaluation of research claims and the validation of the knowledge gathered.

3. Research Purpose

• research should identify the purpose by correlation and research questions to the research objectives.
• research purpose consist from                                                                                                  

1. Exploration - investigate a specified problem phenomenon for the purpose of shedding new light upon it         and consequently uncovering new knowledge 
2. descriptive  - The collection organization and summarization  of the information about the research problem and issues identified therein.
3. Explanatory - The clarification of relationship between variable and the componential elements of  the research problem.

4. Research Approach

•  Research approach is the opportunity to critically consider how each of the various approaches may contribute to. 
• Research approach embraces :-

1. The deductive Versus the Inductive Approach - 

              - Testing of theories - Set of theories and conceptual precept in mind and formulates the study's

                 hypotheses.

     2.  The Qualitative Versus the Quantitative Approach 

          - Quantitative research techniques  is inclusive of random and unbiased selection of respondents.

          - In comparison quantitative tools are used for the production of statistical data which proceeds from 

             the availability of quantitative data. Quantitative consist three tools:-

             a) Standard deviation and frequency distribution

             b) Scatter gram and correlation coefficients.

             c) Difference tests

5. Research Strategy

• 3 Research Strategy ;- a) Experimental
•      b) The Survey
•      c) The Case Study
• Scientific researches exploit the experimental strategy while strategy while the social sciences tend towards the survey and the case study strategies.The current research shall adopt the conceptual model approach.

5.1 Qualitative Sampling

• The sample should be large enough to be credible, given the purpose of evaluation, but small enough to permit adequate depth and detail for each case or unit in the sample.
• Qualitative samples tend to be purposive rather than random

5.2 Qualitative Data Collection

•  Identify the type and nature of the required data
• Select those collection methods which are best suited to the collection of the identified data types
• Researcher must limit his selection of data collection methods

5.3 Qualitative Data Handling
Steps :-

1. Interview Strategy

• A structured approach would be too rigid and would prevent the researcher from interacting with the interviewees and asking follow-up spontaneous question

     2. Transcribing

• The interview will be recorded and will be transcribed by the researcher.

     3. Coding

• The coding process contributes to the quality of the qualitative data analysis
• guide by both the research's conceptual framework and research question
• The researcher need identify and define his key terms, precisely clarify what he/she is looking for and know why he is looking for particular terms.
• Method : Firstly, listed of start codes,derived from the research's conceptual framework will be developed. Secondly, using using the protocol's list of questions, codes will be developed from each of these questions.

Reliability

• When in-putting the questionnaire data, the researcher should carefully read through them to ensure that there are no logical flaws and that the responses given by any one respondent are not contradictory
• The researcher should schedule interviews at the respondent's convenience and further when distributing questionnaire 

Validity

• Valid only if actually studies what it set out to study and only if the findings are verifiable.
• 3 Methods :- a) Establishing a chain of evidence  
• b) Verifying key information
• c) Presented informants with a draft of the study for review
• Need establish external validity by testing the applicability of the findings to external case studies

Quality

• Need exercise complete objectivity
• Need exercise transparency regarding the data gathering and analyses stages
• Quality qualitative data analysis and interpretation should be clearly and coherently presented and need fit into the totality of the argument.

Assignment 6

What Makes Effective Writing

Act.1 : List down important elements that contribute towards effective writing?

NO	FACTS	EXAMPLE
1	Convincing (Use the active voice (emphasizes who does what) instead of the passive voice (Emphasizes what is done).	Format: passive sentence format: [subject acted upon] [action] [actor] active sentence format: [actor] [action] [subject acted upon] Example: Passive - The prison lawn is mowed by the inmates. Active - The inmates mow the prison lawn.
2	Comprehensible Eliminate words that are nonessential to meaning or mood.	Words that weakly emphasize adjectives include: very, really, terribly, and awfully. See Words to Avoid for more help eliminating ineffective words
3	Easy to read Combine short sentences to consolidate ideas, but don't ramble. Consecutive lengthy Sentences burden readers and appear intimidating.	Ineffective - I dropped an egg and it landed on my dog. The egg was boiled and it did not crack open. Effective - When I dropped a boiled egg, it landed on my dog without breaking.
4	Interesting throughout Vary the structure of your sentences	Dull - We own seven barns in that town. We also own forty-two horses there. We like to ride horses in that countryside. Intriguing - Riding horses is enjoyable for us in that country town. We own seven barns and forty-two horses there.
5	Exhibits a clear voice Reword redundant or wordy phrases.	Phrase: It is a _____ one. Replacement: It is _____. e.g. : Ineffective - It is a [musical] one. Effective - It is [musical].
6	May impact the reader emotionally People can have different opinions about an author's work. Therefore, an author should consider the target audience (i.e. the audience's interests and literacy).	If you are trying to excite an environmentalist about a paper product then emphasize that it is recyclable, instead of its annual consumption.
7	Avoid overusing there is, there are, it is, it was, and so on.	Example: There is a case of meningitis that was reported in the newspaper Correction: A case of meningitis was reported in the newspaper. Even Better: The newspaper reported a case of meningitis. (Active voice)
8	To avoid confusion, don't use two negatives to make a positive.	Incorrect: He is not unwilling to help. Correct: He is willing to help
9	If you start a sentence with an action, place the actor immediately after or you will have created the infamous dangling modifier	Incorrect: While walking across the street, the bus hit her. Correct: While walking across the street, she was hit by a bus.  OR  She was hit by a bus while walking across the street.
10	A sentence fragment occurs when you have only a phrase or weak clause but are missing a strong clause.	Example of Sentence Fragment: After the show ended. Example of Sentence: After the show ended, we had coffee.

* source : http://www.grammarbook.com/grammar/effWrite.asp

                  : http://www.sourceaid.com/reference/pdf/effective-writing.pdf